·           When we use language, we do  not necessarily do so in random and unstructered  way. Both conversation and written texts have various devices for welding together miscellaneous utterances in to  a cohesive whole.

 These are two accounts of Geoge meal below

a.       Geroge ate the curry with delight. Curry had always been George’s favourite food. The curry was subtly flavoured. George detected hints of cumin and coriander in the curry, cumin and coriander are george’s favourite spices.

b.      George’s ate the curry with delight. This type of food had always been his favourite. The dish was subtky flavoured,a nd in it detected hints of his favourite spices, cumin and coriander(djlaskan lisan ae ya mbak)

·  Discource analysis is the study which deals with this topic. It overlaps with stylistics, the study of linguistics and literature.

These are two versions of the same language;

1.       Edna: someone ought to lock up Fred

Minnie :Fred is a disgrace

Edna: someone caught Fred peeping at the new lodger through the bathroom window

Minnie: what is the name of the lodger? Is he name of the new lodger Arabella or Annabel?

2.       Edna: Fred ought to be locked up.

Minnie: thats man’s a disgrace

Edna : he was caught peeping through the bathroom window at the new lodger

Minne: what’s her name? Is it Arabella or Annabel?

·         The overall results is that the whole dialogue becomes linked together into a cohesive whole

B.      Politeness

Ø  Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette. It is a culturally-defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context.

Ø  these are examples;

·         Shut the door!

·         I wonder if you’d mind shutting the door?

·         There’s quite a draught in there

(djlasin lisan ae ya mbak?:)

Ø  Humans everywhere tends to be polite in similar ways, based on two basic social requirements: ‘No criitism’ and ‘No interference’.

Ø  The various strategies occur worlwide, but they are not necessaryly found in every language.